Contaminants in biochar and suggested mitigation measures – a review

نویسندگان

چکیده

Biochars produced by pyrolysis at high temperatures under oxygen limited conditions can contain both well-known contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), potentially toxic elements (PTEs), dioxins, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) and emerging (e.g., persistent free radicals, metal cyanide). Their potential to induce phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity highlight the need establish effective strategies control eliminate for sustainable biochar use. Although some articles have reviewed ecotoxic of in relation these contaminants, mitigate whole suite present not been systematically so far. This review discusses (i) formation mechanism such (ii) evaluates their risk ecosystems, a prerequisite (iii) understand explore producing biochars with minimum contamination. A unit design where liquids solids are fully separated following zone optimization parameters ensures do condense onto biochar. Post-production treatments, as thermal treatment or natural artificial ageing help contaminant removal breakdown. Co-pyrolysis metal-rich feedstock metal-free biomass is only way reducing total PTE levels, though available levels low decrease further temperature. More specific concentration individual discussed review. With our proposed recommendations, little environment be produced.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Chemical Engineering Journal

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['1873-3212', '1385-8947']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132287